Comprehensive Guide to Mirror-Signal-Manoeuvre (MSM) in Great Britain

1. Understanding the MSM Routine

The Mirror-Signal-Manoeuvre (MSM) procedure is the foundation of safe driving in the UK. It ensures you're aware of your surroundings and communicate your intentions to other road users.

Why MSM Matters

Required by the Highway Code (Rule 161)
Reduces collision risk by 37% (DfT statistics)
Essential for driving tests (failure to use MSM is a major fault)
Creates predictable driving behavior

2. The MSM Sequence Step-by-Step

Step 1: Mirrors (Observation)

Check interior mirror first (road position assessment)
Relevant door mirror (left for left moves, right for right moves)
Blind spot check (final confirmation)
Timing: Check 5-8 seconds before manoeuvring

"Mirrors should show your situation, not just your reflection" - DVSA Examiner Guidance

Step 2: Signal (Communication)

When to signal:
- At least 3 seconds before turning
- Before changing lanes or overtaking
- When pulling over/away from the kerb
Cancelling: Ensure signals switch off after turning

Step 3: Manoeuvre (Action)

Positioning:
- Left turns: 1 metre from kerb
- Right turns: just left of centre line
Speed control: Smooth deceleration using gears
Steering: Controlled, progressive movement

3. MSM Applications for Different Situations

A. Turning at Junctions

Junction Type	Mirror Check	Signal Timing	Positioning
Left turn	Interior + left mirror	Before braking	Close to left kerb
Right turn	Interior + right mirror + blind spot	On approach	Centre of lane
Roundabouts	All mirrors + blind spot	Before entry lane	Lane appropriate to exit

B. Changing Lanes

Mirrors: Interior + relevant side mirror
Signal: Before moving (unless it would confuse)
Manoeuvre: Smooth transition, maintain speed

C. Overtaking

Mirrors: All mirrors + blind spot
Signal: Right indicator
Manoeuvre: Accelerate past, then mirror-check before returning

4. Common MSM Mistakes to Avoid

❌ Mirror glance instead of proper observation
❌ Signalling too late or too early
❌ Forgetting blind spot checks
❌ Rushing the sequence
❌ Not cancelling signals after manoeuvres

5. Advanced MSM Techniques

Lifesaver Checks

Final over-the-shoulder glance before:
- Moving off
- Changing lanes
- Turning at junctions
Particularly crucial for cyclists/motorcyclists

Bike Awareness

Extra mirror checks in urban areas
Wider door opening when parked (Dutch Reach method)
Special attention at traffic lights

6. MSM in Special Conditions

Adverse Weather

Earlier signals (rain reduces visibility)
Extended mirror checks (spray obscures views)
Slower manoeuvres (icy conditions)

Night Driving

Watch for headlight flashes (other drivers signalling)
Clean mirrors regularly (glare reduction)
Earlier signalling (darkness reduces reaction time)

7. Practice Exercises

MSM Drills

Commentary driving: Verbalise each step
Mirror tally: Count checks per journey
Signal audit: Note every required signal
Manoeuvre review: Analyse positioning accuracy

Passenger Feedback

Ask companions to monitor your MSM usage
Discuss near-misses and improvements
Compare with professional driver behaviour

8. Legal Requirements & Penalties

Highway Code Rules 159-161: Mandate MSM use
Careless driving charge: Possible for consistent MSM failures
Insurance implications: Poor observation affects claims

9. Professional Training Options

DVSA-Approved Courses

Pass Plus: Enhanced MSM training
IAM RoadSmart: Advanced observation techniques
RoSPA: Fleet driver MSM standards

10. Final Checklist

✔ Mirrors checked before every action
✔ Signals given in good time
✔ Manoeuvres smooth and controlled
✔ Lifesaver checks never skipped
✔ Sequence never reversed or rushed

"Proper MSM isn't just technique - it's the rhythm of safe driving." - ADI Trainer Handbook